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The response of these tests at the smaller stresses studied (below critical shear stress of 3.6 Pa) was controlled by non-linear viscoelasticity.
Indeed, the behavior of the SMA wires is governed by two opposite phenomena: the significant degradation in the elastic modulus due to the austenite to martensite phase-transformation and the hysteretic behavior due to super-elasticity that consumes the strain energy in the phase-transformation process and leads to smaller stresses and lateral deflections.
This and other clues relate to aging, in that it takes smaller stresses to agitate older people, and they recover from them more slowly.
Under typical physiological conditions this may not occur, since deformation is largely limited to reversible processes at smaller stresses.
The smaller stresses may help cells to maintain mobility despite their much larger surface-to-volume ratio.
Smaller stresses are generated in sliding conditions between the fault surfaces due to the dissipated energy in the sliding process.
Similar(54)
For relatively small stresses, stress is proportional to strain.
"The mystery is why quakes occur at all with such small stresses," he said.
For small stresses, the strain is elastic (recoverable when the stress is removed and linearly proportional to the applied stress).
For small stresses and weak electric fields, piezoceramics are usually described by linearized constitutive equations around an operating point.
In many ways, this superposition mechanism, where thermal stresses act in concert with an existing stress regime, is similar to that hypothesized for tidal-triggered earthquakes48,49, where seemingly small stresses can cause ultimate fracture.
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