The smaller expected coastal tsunami heights were due to the initial underestimation of the earthquake magnitude (M =7.9).
Of course, the latter Simon design would have a smaller expected sample size since it is optimal in that respect.
The trial is powered to answer two hypotheses of each treatment compared to control but not powered to detect smaller expected differences between the two treatment groups.
The results (not shown) indicate that, in this case, the application of the truncated product method can lead to a smaller expected total sample size.
For the number of tips per origin (NoTO), p-values represent whether the average number of halophytes arising from each inferred gain of salt tolerance is smaller expected under Brownian motion (p < 0.05).
Considering the smaller expected change in BMD (1 5%, for existing treatments) after only 12 months of treatment, we expected at best the study to show a trend for an effect of ch-OSA on BMD.
Although designs (ii) and (iv) have similar overall operating characteristics, the design which uses a first stage significance level of α1=50%% (design (ii)) has a much smaller expected sample size.
A systematic review of the literature from the past two decades found that patients would choose chemotherapy near death for much smaller expected benefits in outcome than would health care providers,[ 4] indicating a skepticism on the part of physicians for this kind of care.
