While several methods are available to detect polymorphisms in marker assisted breeding, markers based on the polymerase chain reaction are still the most accessible and least expensive for small scale breeding programs.
According to Yves Berger of Interbev, large parts of the French countryside are maintained by small-scale farmers breeding draught horses for the meat market.
In order to account for small-scale structure of the breeding stock, as suggested by Pujolar et al. (2009) and Maes et al. (2006), breeding in each spawning areas was assumed to occur in small spawning groups where reproduction effectively takes place.
This system is effective for small-scale food animal breeding and agricultural production.
Adults are thought to undergo small-scale migrations during the breeding season to spawn in riffle beds (see Methods for more details on species biology).
In the Chinese context, there might be diverse reasons related to these phenomena which have occurred over the last few years: the decrease in small-scale agriculture/livestock production (large-scale agriculture/livestock breeding rising), the rural population reduction, the more centralized rural residential patterns, the increased choices for other types of energy, etc. (Wang et al. 2012).
A recent study also showed that collared flycatchers do use information from the previous breeding season in their small-scale nest-site selection [ 44].
This risk is high in mixed breeding systems, such as the small-scale production units common in rural regions of Turkey.
She was a small-scale breeder; in larger kennels the economic consequences will be even bigger as all breeding stock may be lost.
Thus, if molecular data (e.g. autosomal microsatellite genotypes) for the contemporary population are available and based on relatively small-scale laboratory analyses, it is possible to avoid serious mistakes in their use for breeding applications.
The data verified that small-scale Mixograph tests are a robust and efficient alternative to large-scale Farinograph tests for both commercial breeding and research.
