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Considering the poor understanding of species-level diversity, particularly among miniature to small sized species, it is likely that the Characidae includes a disproportionate percentage of species yet to be described.
The role of the Mediterranean Sea as a natural corridor connecting the Italian peninsula to the Near East, North Africa, and southern Europe is particularly plausible for small sized species, as sheep and goats species adaptable to various environments and easy to transport during human migration and commercial trade [ 4, 11, 45].
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We can hence conclude that (i) not all species react similarly to fragmentation, (ii) the smallest sized species (P. phoxinus) is the least affected by fragmentation and (iii) there is a tendency for the intermediate-bodied species (L. leuciscus and G. gobio) to be the more affected.
Instead, as summarized by American ornithologist John Fitzpatrick, the large brain size, behavioral plasticity, and rapid population turnover of small-sized species may have facilitated more-rapid morphological evolution and speciation than in nonpasserines.
For anurans, terrestrial and large-sized species declined elsewhere, while medium- and small-sized species increased in pastures after Hurricane Jova.
Results indicate significant increases in locations both open and closed to fishing, predominantly in the abundance of small-sized species and early life stages suggesting a recruitment signal.
However, such assumptions remain untested in most organisms; for example, introductions could be very useful for recovering populations of small-sized species with short generation time, no learned behaviours, and ease to rear in captivity.
Within the olive grove patches, larger and brachypterous species were associated to plots with more dense vegetation cover while macropterous and small-sized species were more associated to open areas.
The aviary set-up is applied easily for small-sized species only, e.g. small passerine birds.
These processes could be affected in areas with pasture, although the impact of a mechanism that compensates for the disappearance of large species with the high abundance of small-sized species has yet to be evaluated in functional terms.
Moreover, the decline of top-predators and late-maturing species and the increase of small-sized species proportion in the community are compatible with a long-term "fishing down the food web" effect [15].
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