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In this study, we have demonstrated amino acid CSIA analysis of meteorites with a small sample amount (<1 g) and low amino acid abundances (ppb level).
In this study, we utilized a new analytical technique that involves the use of an achiral GC column to obtain the nitrogen isotopic values for individual amino acids in spite of the low amino acid concentrations and small sample amount.
A pre-concentration factor of 50 was chosen because, on one side, it guarantees a measurable signal and a good counting statistics; on the other hand, a small sample amount of 25 mL of water is sufficient for the analysis.
This arrangement allows for a small sample amount to be used.
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The yields and oil composition were changing with loading from 0.05 g to 0.1 g, despite the small sample amounts.
The two-step method was tested on the SRM NIST 1648 for equivalence with two reference methods, the EMEP procedure for ions extraction and the EN 12341 standard for the elemental determination of the PM10 and is suitable for application to small sample amounts (less than 1 mg of particulate matter is needed), i.e. those collected by daily low volume filter-sampling.
Small sample amounts are often used in analytical experiments, resulting in fractions of volatile oils too low to be effectively separated.
Interestingly, we found a wide diversity of different species in GCF samples despite the small sample amounts, from 4 to 12 ug per patient, and low bacterial concentrations, which could have challenged the yield of representative bacterial DNA for processing and DNA microarray analysis.
Compared to conventional analysis, two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) has higher reproducibility and sensitivity because of its internal standard design which minimizes gel-to-gel variation, improves spot-matching, reduces number of gels needed, and permits quantitative analysis of small sample amounts [13], [14].
In this way perturbations in pTyr levels can be detected with cellular resolution in small sample amounts.
As reported by Goto, the diagnostic method employing the APR scoring system obtained with a bedside device, Quick Turbo, allowing immediate diagnosis of infection using small sample amounts, is a breakthrough [ 5, 6].
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