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Workers from the same colony sacrifice their own reproductive opportunities to boost that of a single queen or, occasionally, a small ruling council.
The basic division in Ottoman society was the traditional Middle Eastern distinction between a small ruling class of Ottomans (Osmanlı) and a large mass of subjects called rayas (reʿâyâ).
When Algeria gained its independence, in 1962, Tuareg society still comprised a small, ruling caste of nobles; a lower, tributary class; and a third class, of slaves and vassals.
Gilens and Page do not use the term "oligarchy" in describing their conclusions, which would imply that a small ruling class dominates the political system to the exclusion of all others.
Had Akbar persecuted his non-Muslim subjects, his empire would not have survived; the Muslims were a small, ruling minority in India, a region which never had religious uniformity.
Prime Minister Shavkat Mirziyoev, seen as a Kremlin ally, is a more likely consensus candidate within a small ruling circle, as is Rustam Azimov, a deputy prime minister and finance minister.
Similar(48)
"This is one of those small rulings that has an enormous impact," said Dan Cantor of the Working Families Party, one of the groups that sued the city.
The decision to try to form a small, interim authority as quickly as possible marked a change in the program Mr. Brahimi outlined last week, which called first for a large council that would create a smaller ruling authority.
There was a small rich ruling elite, and an anxious mass far below them.
He relies on a small, cohesive ruling coterie, mostly members of his family and security officials.
The revolt, which was a product of dissatisfaction with a small aristocratic ruling elite and a more general dislike of the consolidated scheme of government of the Dominion of New England, served to hasten the demise of the dominion.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com