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The nozzle with small roughness can achieve better thrust performance.
Thresholding can be effective only for an extremely small roughness or substrate curvature.
The surface and the interfaces of the multilayers are rather smooth with only small roughness.
We also suppose that a dark appearance and a high gloss correlate with small roughness.
In the first four cases (RGB-Kinect), the interpolating splines presented small roughness parameter (κ ≈ 0, Equation 3).
They revealed that optimal cell adhesion and spreading was obtained on the substrate of small roughness and moderate wettability (CA = 105°).
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Recent studies have pointed out the significance of local, small-scale roughness changes in terrain-grid of the order of 100 m.
Test pieces are fabricated from 50.8 mm × 50.8 mm × 3.18 mm borosilicate glass squares that are roughened by abrading with diamond compound with particles of known size and then annealed in order to control small-scale roughness features.
Based on the test data, it was noticed that the fatigue life, the hysteresis, the small-scale roughness and the critical J-value were ranked in the following order for the NR compound filled with N330, N990 or N650.
We demonstrate that the rough contact mechanics exhibits effective interface properties which converge to asymptotes upon increase of the small-scale roughness content, when a more realistic rheology of the confinement is taken into account.
The most detailed tyre/road contact models use a spatial discretisation of the contact and assume an interfacial stiffness to account for the small-scale roughness within the elements.
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