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For simplicity, Kaneko [22] and Solomon et al. [23] work with expressions valid for small protraction angles (θ<∼14°), an approximation that appears to be valid for rat whisking behavior [4], [31].
A single 5-ms light flash delivered to wS1 robustly evoked a small retraction of the contralateral whisker, following which the animal initiated whisking, while a 5-ms light flash delivered to wM1 caused a small protraction (wS1, −1.4 ± 0.4°, n = 6 mice; wM1, 1.9 ± 0.4°, n = 5 mice; P = 10−4, Student's t-test for unpaired observations; Fig. 1E and F).
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We did not see the proposed small whisker subregion evoking protraction movements (Sanderson et al., 1984; Haiss & Schwarz, 2005) perhaps because of our low mapping density in that region.
Hence, angles smaller than 20° with respect to the medio-lateral axis indicate protraction and angles larger than 20° indicate retraction.
Whisker protraction during object palpation appears to be limited to angles less than ∼5°, smaller than our measured flick past threshold in rats except very near the tip [4], [7].
He made blueprints premised on surprise and an almost perverse protraction of pleasure.
Mentions this magazine's experience of a libel suit of Jarndycean protraction and complication.
In language, his hallmark is corrosive metaphor; in dialogue, the clash of wills; in action, the protraction of unconscionable agonies.
A mechanistic approach has developed, in which the protraction of dying has become a major by-product of modern technology.
This protocol also results in significant protraction of the maxilla.
Subgroup B had less maxillary protraction than the mean value.
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