For both types of epoch, the effect of microstimulation was significantly smaller in large compared to small expected reward trials (χ-test of nested models Equations 2a,c : good epochs: p < 0.001; bad epochs: p < 0.001), showing that the effect of expected reward on microstimulation remains present in different states of task engagement.
When the crack length ℓ is small or large compared to the wellbore radius R, the problem reduces to that of a pressurized edge or Griffith's crack, respectively, subjected to a uniform far-field confining stress.
In contrast to this, Rayleigh scattering or Fraunhofer diffraction are only reasonable approximations if particles are small or large compared to the wavelength λ, respectively.
The preference for the larger female tended to be stronger in the "small vs. large" treatment compared to the "small vs. medium" treatment (Wilcoxon test: n = 19, z = -1.913, p < 0.056), as well as in the "small vs. large" compared to the "medium vs. large" treatment (Wilcoxon test: n = 21, z = -1.899, p = 0.058).
Algal reduction rates were positively related to both parrotfish density and size, and were up to 30% higher for large compared to small parrotfishes per unit biomass.
In other words, the lack of nutrients in forests kills off or diminishes the relative abundance of large compared to small animals.
Here, males, but not females, had higher probabilities to stay in large compared to small woodland patches.
These effects indicated greater activity for gains than losses (Figs 1B and 3), and for large compared to small outcomes.
This may be of biological significance as 5-FU was a factor of 1 log more toxic to large, compared to small intestinal crypts.
The components start to become very small, or alternatively the components are large compared to the signal wavelength.
In microarray data, the gene dimension is extremely large compared to the small number of samples.
