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During the Silurian, several small extinction and radiation events in the evolution of nektonic (free-swimming) and pelagic (free-floating) organisms appear to be linked to fluctuations in sea level.
But in the low-frequency regime, no enhancement has been observed owing to the small extinction coefficient of silicon.
An examination of the autoignition and laminar-flame behavior of the different mechanisms confirms (with some exceptions) expected trends: there is an association between long ignition delay times, small extinction strain rates, and high levels of local extinction.
GFPf1 has a small extinction coefficient and no detectable fluorescence and so appears to lack a light-associated function.
In the region of low transmission, R0 is small, extinction is much stronger than migration (e >> mK), the fraction of infected hosts is small and levels of diversity are low.
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Dr. Rex E. Crick, a professor of geology at the University of Texas at Arlington and another author of the Science paper, said that small extinctions caused by numerous small meteor impacts "could be one mechanism for driving evolution".
However, our study indicates that, under a more realistic scenario of noisy, small, extinction-prone subpopulations, constant localized addition of individuals from the outside is not expected to have a major impact on the metapopulation dynamics, and that these results are generalizable.
Realistic population and evolutionary dynamics contain a number of stochastic elements, which are expected to be particularly important in small, extinction-prone populations such as colonizing groups in harsh environments.
The key to this measurement is the extremely small extinctions of <1 × 10 8 km–1 that can be measured by SOFIE because of the bright solar light source and a path length of ∼300 km through the atmosphere.
Although the fire regime in Baja California seems to maintain patterns of frequency that are closer to historical levels [67], discrete events could have produced small-scale extinctions followed by recolonization of C. forbesii.
The localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) excited in a near-infrared spectrum have a rather smaller extinction coefficient [23], and the nanoparticles do not have much improvement to light absorption.
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