Exact(17)
Adult CMs are terminally differentiated, and thus it is not possible to expand them to sufficient numbers starting from small cardiac biopsies.
According to the postmortem study of 280 hearts by Ludinghausen [8], only 21 to 25% of all hearts have a small cardiac vein, which enters into the coronary sinus near its estuary, whereas in the heart without a small cardiac vein the blood from RV muscle is drained directly into the RV through Thebesian veins.
The main ventricular venous tributaries include the anterior interventricular vein, lateral cardiac vein, posterior ventricular vein (not shown), middle cardiac vein (also known as the posterior interventricular vein) and small cardiac vein.
Non-ECG-synchronised CT provides a fast acquisition of the cardiac and extracardiac structures in patients with CHD but lacks the visualisation of small cardiac and coronary structures because of heart motion artefacts (Fig. 1).
RA right atrium, RV right ventricle, LA left atrium, LV left ventricle, orange triangle right atrio-ventricular groove containing the right coronary artery and small cardiac vein, SCV superior vena cava, Ao aorta, PA pulmonary artery, OT right ventricular outflow tract.
RA, right atrium; CS, coronary sinus; GCV, great cardiac vein; SCV, small cardiac vein; MCV/PIV, middle cardiac vein/posterior interventricular vein; LCV, lateral cardiac vein; AIV, anterior interventricular vein; LAD, left anterior descending artery; LM, left marginal artery; RCA, right coronary artery; PDA, posterior descending artery; AtV, atrial vein; TV, valve of Thebesius.
Similar(42)
With only 10 specialist hospitals, surgeons at each unit would see more patients than they would in the smaller cardiac units in many European countries.
Therefore, it is necessary that there are methods available for scientists to study the smallest cardiac contractile unit - ventricular myocytes specifically, independent of any surrounding factors.
Often, the higher harmonics of the respiratory signal may overlap the much smaller cardiac signal; in this case signal separation by common frequency filtering is not possible.
In conclusion, the young, lean South Asians recruited in this study had smaller cardiac dimensions, even when corrected for their smaller stature, and a different diastolic and systolic function profile than Caucasians.
The maintenance of stroke work with smaller cardiac muscle mass by the bear is unique in that chronic, prolonged diastolic filling is typically associated with eccentric remodeling (dilation) resulting in larger muscle mass.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com