The prolonged transient period is also reflected by sluggish atomic transport in the fluxed sample, which promotes kinetic stability of the undercooled liquid.
However, a high sulfur loading produced using traditional blade coating techniques results in many technical issues such as sluggish electron/ion transport kinetics and cracking of the electrodes.
Comparison of three flow fields (straight channel, serpentine and interdigitated) is performed and it is observed that the contact points between the GDL and the current collector determine significant performance loss because of sluggish oxygen transport in these regions.
Thick-electrode design toward high energy density per device is of particular importance for supercapacitors to store large amount of energy, but this remains a seemingly insurmountable challenge due to sluggish electron transport.
However, it exhibits inferior electrochemical properties, which may arise from its sluggish ion transport kinetics with low electrical conductivity (1.63 × 10−5 S cm−1) [30].
As was pointed out by Zicha and coworkers, sluggish diffusive transport of globular actin from the bleaching zone to the leading edge affords a simple and direct explanation for the failure of Case-0.
However, unlike in LIB, the available capacity in NIB is strongly dependent on the particle size and current rate due to the sluggish Na-ion transport in solid phase.
In 2009 to 2010, for example, the current was particularly sluggish for some reason, with water transport dropping by about a third.
The cathode catalyst layer (CL), due to sluggish oxygen reduction reaction and several transport losses therein, plays an important role in the overall performance of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs).
For example, vacancy and interstitial defects migrate via different alloy components, diffusion is more sluggish in the alloy and, notably, mass transport in the concentrated alloy cannot be predicted on the basis of diffusion in its pure metal counterparts.
