This results in a distinctive starburst of faults and fractures, often lying atop a broad, gently sloping topographic rise.
The study area is characterized by marked topographic variations in which agriculture is practiced under flat to very hilly sloping topographic lands.
Considering districts, about 36% of sampled agricultural fields in Damot Gale, 31% in Damot Sore and 30% in Sodo Zuria districts were situated on strong to hilly sloping topographic lands.
These included slope, topographic position index (TPI) at two scales (3 × 3 and 9 × 9 pixels neighbourhood radius), roughness, aspect (divided in eastness and northness), and three measures of curvature (general, profile and plan 42,43.
For the purposes of this study, slope, topographic position index (TPI), and topographic wetness index (TWI) were generated from a LiDAR digital terrain model.
When applied at regional and subregional scales successively, BRT models revealed prominent effects of elevation, latitude and distance to salt lakes at large scales, whereas slope, topographic convergence and insolation gained influence at local scales.
To address these questions, we used a dataset of vegetation plots sampled along 100 rivers in the Sudetes (southwestern Poland, Central Europe) and GIS-derived topographic variables, including the elevation, slope, topographic wetness index (TWI), stream power index (SPI), potential solar radiation and distance from river source.
Cereals, pulses, coffee, enset and root crop land uses were dominant under gentle slope topographic positions.
Farmers in the area have been practicing agricultural activities to the extent of steep slope topographic positions which are prone to quick degradation.
land use and land cover (LULC), elevation, slope, topographic wetness index (TWI), surface runoff, landform, lithology, distance from the main river, soil texture and soil drainage.
Ten independent variables, namely land use/land cover, elevation, slope, topographic wetness index, surface runoff, landform, lithology, distance from the main river, soil texture and soil drainage were used into the FR model for flood vulnerability analysis.
