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As a means to maintain the gain-profile of the up-conversion pumped TDFA, three techniques have been introduced and compared, namely: (i) the auxiliary pump around 1.56 μm, (ii) the mid-stage variable optical attenuator (VOA), and (iii) the mid-stage variable slope attenuation compensator (VASC).
Slope attenuation in LME models is a well-known issue when the independent variable includes measurement error.
For the pooled phase I study design, slope attenuation was more pronounced (<−10.0%) compared with the TQT study design, as indicated in Figure 3 and Table 2.
However, when day 0 was included, the slope attenuation was significantly improved, having ≤ −10.8% bias in all the Tmax scenarios for the best LME model.
As shown, slope attenuation for the LME models is more pronounced for phase I studies compared with a TQT study, and model 2 resulted in the most accurate slope estimates for the short Tmax case among different Tmax scenarios.
Considering that the bias in ddQTc estimates from LME model is at most −0.74 ms for the long Tmax scenario, slope attenuation caused by 20% measurement error is not likely an issue for predicting QTc prolongation of a drug.
Similar(53)
These variants of the Bernoulli map are different in their slope and attenuation process.
Ultrasound data were also analyzed to calculate the speed of sound (SoS) and slope of attenuation (SoA) in developing constructs and a non-degrading hydrogel control without encapsulated chondrocytes.
Incorporating an autoregressive residual error structure (model 3) did not reduce the slope estimate attenuation.
The slope of attenuation in the subcortical tissue with white matter dominance was found to be 0.94 ± 0.13 dB/(MHz ·cm).
Low voltage and electrical power are used to tune the attenuation slope via thermo-optic effect.
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