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Optical devices operating in extremely short wavelength ranges require unprecedented accuracy because a small figure error and/or slight surface roughness distorts the wavefront of the reflected light.
We found that 400 eV is the optimal energy for neon ion etching ensuring slight surface roughness smoothing in the range of incidence angles of ± 40°.
This seems rather consistent with its physical properties: despite a slight surface roughness and some inner unhomogeneities represented by the wood fibers that might be perceived at mm-frequencies due to the small wavelength, the wooden panel seems in fact the smoother and the more homogeneous among the considered OUT.
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The slight change of surface roughness might result from two factors such as the limited surface diffusion caused by relatively low thermal energy and a crystallite size effect; nevertheless, our samples have similar surface roughness.
The model indicates that the zinc crystals on the surface of the coated sheet steel will initially deform by twinning, which causes a slight increase in surface roughness.
The corresponding AFM data indicate that whereas the slight increase in surface roughness contributes to the change in hydrophilicity, unlike processing in air, it is not the only factor involved.
The results reveal that the spinel LiMn2O4 cathode film shows good cycling performance and morphology stability, accompanying with a slight increase of surface roughness mainly due to the agglomeration of nano-grains caused by phase transformations.
All of the samples showed a slight decrease in surface roughness after 182 days of hydrolysis, with values of 24 ± 4, 32 ± 3, and 22 ± 3 nm for PLLA, PLLA/a-PHB5, and PLLA/PPA20, respectively.
The charged segments in the 3NSS peptide greatly attracted aqueous ions from artificial saliva to form hydroxyapatite crystals to fill enamel caries, in particular the interrod areas, resulting in a slight reduction in overall surface roughness.
Results of nano aluminum PMEDM on titanium alloy material show slight improvement in terms of surface roughness (Ra) and surface morphology as compared to conventional EDM.
When imaged by surface profilometry, this case should exhibit little to no surface roughness.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com