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The stimulants measured in the report include prescription drugs, like those used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and to prevent sleepiness, as well as over-the-counter products that contain caffeine, like caffeine pills and caffeinated energy drinks.
Outcome measures included daily sleep diaries, self-report measures on insomnia severity, dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep, daytime sleepiness, as well as medication usage.
Our results indicate severe functional disability and a marked personal burden (anxiety, depressive symptoms, fatigue and excessive daytime sleepiness), as well as medical and social consequences (functional incapacity, greater use of healthcare services and lowered quality of life), in patients with primary headache and concomitant GAD.
Students also experienced significant reduction in daytime sleepiness, as well as improvements to mood, during the later school-start period.
In addition, polymorphisms in CLOCK, NPAS2, PER2, and PER3 were significantly associated with outcomes such as alcohol/caffeine consumption and sleepiness, as well as sleep phase, inertia and duration in both single- and multi-locus models.
We used quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) to extract physiological sleepiness, as well as subjective reports, in response to motor-cognitive demand in stroke patients and controls.
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Use of antihistamines, which have sleepiness and drowsiness as side effects, may also be an iatrogenic contribution to the CFS symptom complex.
For Model IV, we used sleep symptom variables identified from the existing literature on insomnia [ 7, 44- 46], namely, previous night's sleep duration, sleep quality, sleep latency, next-day-sleepiness as an effect of prior night's sleep, and the number of wakeup times during the night.
In addition, the treatment contributes to reduce excessive sleepiness, depressive symptoms, as well as the dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep.
The severity of symptoms (anxiety, depression, daytime sleepiness and fatigue), as well as the medical and social consequences (functional incapacity, greater use of health care services and lowered quality of life), were also more exacerbated in the GAD patients than in the controls.
We applied several questionnaires to assess increased daytime sleepiness and fatigue as well as depression.
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