How could hospitalized athletes give a clear-headed accounting of their skipped test in an I.O.C. disciplinary hearing?
Many of those surveyed had put off seeing a doctor when sick, failed to fill prescriptions or skipped tests, treatments and preventive care.
Time per correct answer and skipped test items are significantly and negatively associated with individual earnings, respectively.
Among the proposed variables, the ones that seem to provide relevant information on individual skills are skipped test item and time per correct test item.
The magnitude of these effects is similar to the impact of time per correct test item or of skipped test items.
When looking at test-based measures, we find that skipped test items and not-attempted items are negatively and significantly associated to earnings in all specifications.
To the best of our knowledge, only skipped test items has been used before as a proxy for non-cognitive skills by Hernández and Hershaff (2014).
Despite these results need to be interpreted with caution, due to the correlation between these two test based measures and PIAAC scores, the fact that skipped test item enters in a statistically significant way in the earnings equation even after controlling for PIAAC test scores, suggests that they may be better capturing some non-cognitive skills than PIAAC test scores.
When we include both self-reported and non-self-reported measures of non-cognitive skills in the estimations, we find robust significant results for the same variables as in Table 3: "don't know" answers, skipped test items and non-attempted items, as well as time per correct answer in columns (4) and (6).
Skipping tests might sound like the laziest and most self-indulgent of protests, a caricature of student activism, but missing exams puts degrees at risk.
Compared with a voluntary survey without important consequences, high-stakes testing situations lead to higher motivation and a significantly lower probability of guessing and skipping test tasks.
