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For example, rabbits that have undergone ovariohysterectomy exhibit pain-indicating behaviours and postures (e.g. back arching, skin twitches on the back, contraction of the abdominal muscles, belly pressing etc).
Skin twitches.
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Lacy Brooks, 26, drives around in the rain, her skin twitching, her mind racing, her nails bitten to a pulp.
I checked each piece of medical equipment – the speculum to stretch the anus wide; the Wartenberg wheel, with its spikes designed to make the most sensitive skin twitch and quiver.
Although I could tolerate tiny spiders, anything larger than an average-size black widow activated instant terror: My hands moistened with sweat, my heart raced, and my skin twitched in anticipation of contact.
Assessment of the skin twitch in response to nociceptive stimulation at the withers involves direct reflex pathways (cutaneous trunci reflex).
Stimulation at the withers produced skin twitching (82.9%) and less commonly a whole body shake (9.8%) or turning the head (7.3%).
Stimulation at W was mostly answered with skin twitching (86.7%) rarely with shaking the whole body (12.8%) or turning the head towards the stimulus (0.5%).
The most common source of noise identified was poor sensor contact (ECG and PGC) with the cow, cow movement artefacts (generating EMGs) and other physiological noise artefacts (EGG, skin twitching, vocalisation, etc).
The most frequent type of reaction to thermal stimulation at the nostril was headshaking (64.6%), skin twitching at the withers (82.9%) and hoof withdrawal at the coronary band (79.2%).
When using such systems, definition of a clear cut end-point of stimulation, such as skin twitching, shaking or hoof withdrawal is crucial for reliable and repeatable determination of the nociceptive threshold [ 14].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com