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Initially, micro-indentation of individual skin strata revealed hyperelastic moduli were dramatically rate-dependent, enabling extrapolation of stiffness properties at high velocity regimes (>1 ms−1).
Topical therapies are an alternative treatment for several types of skin disorder as skin cancer, contact dermatitis, and psoriasis, which the drugs are delivered directly into skin strata (Zhang et al. 2014).
Active and passive skin penetrations have been achieved over the last few decades, improving the efficiency of either transdermal delivery (the drugs are delivered into subcutaneous tissue, therefore, taken up systemically into the body) or topical delivery (this method allows the drug delivery into skin strata).
Following assessments of LC morphology in a single horizontal plane, i.e. in epidermal sheets, further experiments were conducted to investigate changes in LC morphology and distribution throughout the vertical skin strata.
The usual skin strata were apparent in this model.
These findings could be of great utility in extending skin strata vaccine targeting approaches to human use.
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All the strata characteristic of normal skin, stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum and a well-developed stratum corneum were easily identified in the printed skin.
The outermost layer of skin, stratum corneum (SC), functions as the major barrier to diffusion.
The principal barrier of the skin, stratum corneum, was found perturbed following the pulses as evident by light microscopy studies.
The outer part of the skin, stratum corneum, has an architecture of keratin filled cells, the corneocytes, embedded in stacked lipid bilayers.
The ultra structure changes of mouse skin stratum corneum treated with 5%M + 70%E/T-gel were more marked compared with those of any other tetracaine gel.
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