Prior to each treatment, the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured to assess the skin barrier disruption with a Tewameter TM 300 (Courage + Khazaka, Cologne, Germany) as described in [18].
Microbial nutrient availability, skin barrier disruption, and vascular supply destruction in burn injuries as well as systemic immunosuppression are important parameters that cause burns to be susceptible to infections.
As it is known that psoriasin secretion is enhanced after experimental skin barrier disruption [27] the ex vivo skin barrier was disturbed by acetone treatment.
Prior to skin barrier disruption, the back of the mice was carefully rinsed with water-soaked tissues.
By activating protease-activated receptor 2 (Par-2) on keratinocytes, Der p 1 contributes to skin barrier disruption (26).
Irritant dermatitis can increase the induction of allergic dermatitis, through mechanisms that include skin barrier disruption and cytokine release by non-immune dermal cells (Burkhart 2006; Smith et al. 2002; Zhang and Tinkle 2000).
The sensitivity evaluation of our system and practical application for imaging through human epidermis provides a distinct advantage for future studies to determine the impact of skin barrier disruption on NP skin penetration and establish a model to understand the penetration of nanoparticulate substances.
A single topical application of the mixtures with >25% OA was able to elevate TEWL and fluorescein penetration in 24 h, suggesting that the occlusive effects of triglycerides, major component of plant oils, are not able to counteract the skin barrier disruption caused by FFAs.
47 Moreover, in keratinocytes, IL-17A upregulates antimicrobial peptides such as β-defensins and S100A family members, providing a stimulus for the innate immune system, 44, 46 downregulates filaggrin and other factors involved in cell adhesion, contributing to skin barrier disruption, 48 and increases expression of keratin 17, contributing to epidermal hyperproliferation.
