All investigated patients had the classical skin abnormalities of XP including xerosis, skin atrophy, and abnormal pigmentation with no neurological abnormalities.
Patients with UVSS exhibit photosensitivity and mild skin abnormalities; in contrast, patients with CS show major growth retardation, abnormal mental development and neurological anomalies, usually leading to early death [ 3, 10] (Table 1).
Raynaud's phenomenon is usually present and skin abnormalities may be seen.
Takeda, K. et al. Limb and skin abnormalities in mice lacking IKKα.
Skin abnormalities in animals injected daily with peanut oil were increased in animals housed on corncob versus paper bedding.
Subsequent studies were conducted to determine factors that influenced the incidence or severity of skin abnormalities, and whether these adverse skin reactions influenced a specific neurobehavioral outcome.
Comparison of animals obtained from different barrier facilities exposed to the same injection paradigm (reagent grade peanut oil, 1.0 ml/kg/d s.c). revealed significant differences in the severity of skin abnormalities.
Collectively, these data suggest that environmental factors influence the incidence and severity of skin abnormalities following repeated s.c. injections, but that these adverse skin responses do not significantly influence performance in at least one test of learning and memory.
However, in a pilot study we noted a significant incidence of skin abnormalities in adult male Long-Evans rats receiving daily s.c. injections of peanut oil (1.0 ml/kg) in the subscapular region for 21 d.
Finally, there was a tendency for hellbenders with skin abnormalities to have higher BKA compared to individuals with normal integument, an observation consistent with patterns observed in other animals actively responding to pathogens.
Symptoms typically appear in the fifth or sixth decade of life and may include skin abnormalities (e.g., discoloration and nodule formation), heart failure, kidney failure, and enlargement of the spleen and liver.
