At the same time, they eliminate jobs, impose new skill requirements and require new investment in terms of training.
Skill requirements will be higher for those GIS positions requiring a higher level of expertise.
In addition, the objectives, time horizons, skill requirements and tools in each phase are quite different, usually requiring a different mix of levels within a given organization.
Shifts in skill requirements most impact entry-level workers (those "more" educated and less skilled).
This is usually done by professional job analysts, who analyse skill requirements in job advertisements, study realised job matches, or undertake company studies of required skills.
"Skill requirements have changed for the workplace," she said.
Jobs with the same skill requirements offer the same wage.
The economist Melvin Reder suggested a reason in 1955: in a downturn, many employers raise skill requirements for a given job, rather than cut pay.
Job prospects for all ages would be enhanced by the universal availability of lifelong education and training for a working life with regularly changing skill requirements.
Many community colleges and universities simply can't keep pace and teach to the new skill requirements, especially with their budgets being cut.
The investigators also called for more stringent skill requirements before co-pilots were authorized to replace the captain at any time during the flight.
