For the construct validity, the experts were also asked to mention if each question given in the test maps to the micro-macro thinking sub-skills of observing, explaining, predicting, and testing.
While answering the post-test questions, the answers written by students are given a rubric-based score for each sub-skill of observe, explain, predict, and test.
Like others (17 20), we used a measure of self-efficacy to operationalize behavioral skills because of the impracticality of observing one's skills across situations and the high correlations between actual and perceived skills, but objective skills or factors that might serve as proxies (e.g., problem-solving) for behavioral skills may operate differently.
Such a definition includes both the acquisition of new knowledge or skills as a result of observing others, and also social influence biasing individuals toward the use of behaviors already in their repertoires.
I inferred from their reflections that they could list and discuss the basic skills of observing, measuring, predicting, inferring, classifying, and communicating, and the integrated skills of hypothesizing, identifying and controlling variables, defining operationally, designing experiments, analyzing data, and interpreting results.
The influence of observing peers when learning PE skills is illustrated in Table 1.
As Fullerton observes, 'The aim of the observation is to help improve the skills of the observed, therefore quality feedback is essential' [ 6].
The first characteristic is put into practice by letting students acquire an integrated set of skills by observing an expert who performs a task (thinking is made visible via modeling) and guides the newcomers when they practice this task (coaching).
Section 7 compares the distribution of skill mismatch observed in the data with those resulting from a variety of reassignment procedures.
The other factor represented the quality of training instruction in skills, observing students performing skills, and providing students with feedback.
