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The blue bars represent the number of events simultaneously observed by Swarm A and C. For statistical analysis of the EPI scale sizes, we calculated R max and Δt only when EPI was detected by both spacecrafts.
For small sample sizes, we calculated exact p-values, as recommended by Mundry and Fischer [58].
As indicators of heterogeneity of pooled effect sizes, we calculated I2, which indicates the heterogeneity in percentages, and we tested whether the level of heterogeneity was significant using the Q statistic.
As a test of homogeneity of effect sizes, we calculated the I statistic, an indicator of heterogeneity in percentages.
Based on the estimated sample sizes, we calculated the number of subjects needed in the control group (n = 36).
To estimate the effect sizes, we calculated partial eta-squared for the ANOVA, and correlations for the t-test comparison [ 15, 16].
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From the individuals' haplotypes and QTL effect sizes, we calculate the current genetic variance of the trait in the population.
For each sample size, we calculated 1,000 bootstrap estimates and computed the median as well as the 5th and 95th percentiles of the bootstrap estimate distributions.
As an estimate of effect size, we calculated Cramér's V, which is a measure of the strength of association for contingency tests (Cramér 1946; Siegel and Castellan 1988).
For each sample size, we calculated the percentage of cities common to two or more lists and present the results in Figure 4.
To quantify growth rate variation that was independent of colony size, we calculated growth rates for hypothetical colonies with an ESD of 0.2 mm for each genotype from our regression analyses.
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