In this study, numerical simulations were performed on two well-known materials (Bk7 glass, AISI M2 steel) and on fictitious materials with a wide range of mechanical properties, using Vickers indenters with different sizes of tip imperfections.
In addition, the model developed in this work is able to study the ion dynamics of a pollen tube with different sizes of tip and shank volumes as it explicitly includes volumes as variables.
The cone distribution following the sizes of tip area of cone outer segments in the three experimental groups suggests that the majority of the cones belongs to one class of cone photoreceptors, because each curve of distribution contains only one peak.
The cone distribution following the different sizes of tip area of cone outer segments suggests that the morphological effect observed in the three experimental groups is not related to the two different types of cones (blue and green) as each curve of the cone distribution contains only one peak, implying that these cones attribute uniquely to one class of cone photoreceptors (Figure 3C).
Optionally rubber cups are sold to fit different sizes of tip for urban walking.
The laser specifications (laser pulse width, pulse repetition rate, and laser polarization), processing parameters (dwell time), and gas flow rate control the number of tips synthesized and, to some extent, the size of tips.
Accuracy and precision of parameter estimation greatly decreases for all rates with a small sample size of tips, regardless of low or high tip bias (Additional file 2: Figure S1).
This study uses simulations under a variety of different sample sizes (number of tips) and asymmetries of rate (speciation, extinction, character change) to determine BiSSE's ability to test hypotheses, and investigate whether the method is susceptible to confounding effects.
