Without loss of generality, let us consider the error bits to be uniformly distributed in the packet, then the packet error rate (PER) can be estimated for a specific data packet size as PER = 1 - ( 1 - BER ) m, (4).
c, d Café-au-lait spots more than 1.5 cm size as per criteria in adults.
Four HEIP characteristics were assessed: lesion size (largest size as per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours 1.1 recommendation [18]), lesion shape (whether the lesion was irregularly shaped or round/oval), internal enhancement (whether the enhancement was heterogeneous or homogeneous) and margin (whether the margin was circumscribed, irregular or spiculated).
Two CHWs were chosen from each village, regardless of size, as per government recommendations [ 4].
Social insects typically have very long-lived sexual females but with a relatively small effective population size, as per generation, only one or few individuals are responsible for reproduction.
Their simulation study shows that in the presence of three-, four- and five point ordinal data and small sample sizes (as low as 20 per group) that both ANCOVA and the two independent sample t-test on difference scores are robust and produce actual significance levels close to the nominal significance levels.
Heeren and D'Agostino [ 26] have demonstrated the robustness of the two independent samples t-test when applied to three-, four- and five point ordinal scaled data using assigned scores, in sample sizes as small as 20 subjects per group.
Aside from these instances, median estimated parameter values approached their true values for sample sizes as small as n = 3 per population (Additional file 1: Table S2).
Genomes sizes (as measured by the DNA mass per diploid nucleus) are smaller on average in birds than in other tetrapod classes, and genome sizes within the class Aves show less variation than those of other tetrapod classes [ 1, 2].
