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Bead diameter is affected by concentration and viscosity of alginate solution and distance between the syringe and hardening solution, and diameter of extruder orifice affects the size of bead [ 156].
Generally start with a metal bead and enlarge the size of bead used thereafter to give a tapering look to the ends of each side.
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The size of beads varied from 2.0 to 2.7 mm for different batches.
The duration of lag phase for different size of beads (0.8, 2 and 4 mm) decreases by increasing flow rate and by decreasing the size of beads.
Varying the size of beads is an additional factor: as it reduces the internal (particle side) mass transfer by reducing the size of beads.
Figure 4 clearly shows that glucose consumption time sharply reduced by decreasing the size of beads.
Varying the size of beads is an additional factor which may control internal mass transfer.
By decreasing the size of beads to 2 and 0.8 mm, duration of lag phase decreased as while.
Internal mass transfer resistance is strongly depended on these parameters: glucose concentration in the medium, coating on alginate beads (chitosan and non-chitosan coated beads), flow rate and size of beads.
Figure 3, shows that the duration of lag phase on bead types decreases by increasing flow rate and decreasing the size of beads, moreover, longer lag phase was found at higher glucose concentration (Figs. 2, 3).
Data analysis of the experiments show that time for glucose consumption at flow rate 30 and 90 ml/min was rather equal when using 4 mm size of beads and it tends to decrease by decreasing the size of beads from 2 to 0.8 mm, this might be due to the decrease in the concentration gradient in and outside the beads (Galaction et al. 2011).
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