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While this seems to be a reasonable assumption as many associations between SEP and health outcomes are linear [73] [75], in some cohorts this assumption may be violated and this would lead to an underestimation of the size of association between childhood SEP and physical capability.
Among the reviewed studies, 33 reported the effect size of association.
These inconsistencies are probably caused by ethnic differences and small sample size of association studies.
We saw no significant difference in the size of association during these two periods (test for effect heterogeneity, P=0.35).
Two-way tabulations and Fisher exact test were used to estimate the direction and size of association of individual variables with sequence types.
There was only a slight reduction in the size of association after adjustment for age and education (10.0%) and after additional adjustment for behavioral factors (9.6%).
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Our study explored candidate genes in the four hypothesized preterm labor pathways [8] for associations with PTB and determined the effect size of associations that corroborated a second PTB cohort.
Does this place an upper bound for effect size of associations?
Another possible explanation for the small size of associations found with comorbidities was the source of saturated fat in the test meal of our study – dairy products.
As our study performed only a single measurement of plasma glucose and triglycerides, it cannot be expected to capture this biological variation, thus also potentially decreasing the size of associations seen [ 42, 43].
Although many studies have established that fear of falling is associated with activity limitations [ 11– 15], it is hard to compare the size of associations from previous studies of total self-reported PA directly with our measures of daily minutes in different intensities of PA.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com