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All the usual parameters can be adjusted with Discipulus: crossover rate, mutation rate, population size, instruction set, distribution of initial program sizes, termination criteria, and parsimony pressure (fitness advantages for smaller programs)." (Foster 2001) The default settings for a Discipulus project work quite well for almost all projects.
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Furthermore, the influence of variables like group size, instructor, instructions and exercise environment could be important to assess within RCT's that investigate the effect of specific exercise interventions in older populations.
There was a large effect size of instruction, such that students in the instruction group made far greater gains in the holistic and structural quality of their writing (from pretest to posttest) than students in the control group.
The Cohen's d effect size for instruction across students in phase III was 0.19.
The Cohen's d effect size for instruction in phase II was 0.51.
The training included details about the posture of the subject during the measurement, how the arm circumference should be measured and the correct cuff size selected, instruction to be given to the participant (not to move or talk during the measurement), and how actual measurements should be taken.
More research needs to be done, using different conditions (e.g., measured bolus size and instructions to swallow vs. casual eating) and with different age groups.
When it comes to improving schools, the essential message is that we need to spend more on what we're already doing: smaller class sizes, better instruction, better teacher training.
The catch pairs were employed to ensure that participants followed the relative size rating instructions and were not simply responding based on target object display size.
Phase 3 pairs also included two sets of filler pairs to equalize the number of studied versus non-studied targets and contexts and eight sets of catch pairs (four of them previously-studied [intact pair sets Ca1 to Ca4] and 4 of them non-studied [intact pair sets Ca5 to Ca8]) to ensure that participants followed the object size decision instructions appropriately.
Before the actual experiment started, we conducted pilots with groups of five and two participants to find the optimal group size and instructions.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com