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This stimulation is mediated by ethylene, which induces the expression of cell cycle regulatory genes in crown root meristems and promotes, in synergy with gibberellic acid, the death of epidermal cells at the site of root emergence (Lorbiecke and Sauter [1999]; Mergemann and Sauter [2000]; Steffens et al. [2006]).
Therefore, providing high concentrations of nutrients that stimulate root growth at the site of root contact (e.g. NH4 + and HPO4 2−/H2Por − or CO NH2 2 and HPO4 2−/H2PO4 −, the later under optimal ammonification conditions) [2, 5] and are poorly mobile in soil [6 9], crops can more efficiently acquire fertilizer-depot nutrients, thus improving their yields [4].
XET activity has been demonstrated to be localized to the site of root hair bulge formation [ 9], suggesting a specific role in hair formation.
In Arabidopsis, sterol accumulation also marked the site of root hair emergence, while polarised distribution of sterols on tip-localised SVs and apical PM was required for root hair elongation (Ovecka et al., 2010).
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GFP-labelled RAC/ROPs locate to the bulges on trichoblasts that mark the sites of root hair emergence and to the root hair apical membrane throughout its development (Molendijk et al. 2001; Jones et al. 2002).
Together, our results reveal a function for AIP1-2 in planar polarity, its genetic interaction with ACT7, hair cell file-specific expression of AIP1-2 and its co-localisation with F-actin at sites of root hair initiation.
Invasion has been reported to occur by entering at the root tip and at the site of lateral root branching; these are sites at which the root endodermis is not fully formed.
The transcription of this gene was shown to be induced in feeding sites of root-parasitic nematodes (Heterodera schachtii), in roots infected by a fungus-like organism (Plasmodiophora brassicae), by plant hormone treatment, and by wounding.
The β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity was also detected at the site of lateral root emergence and along the whole length of young lateral roots; as lateral roots get older, GUS activity was confined to the root tip (Additional file 2).
Interestingly, the tomato NBS-LRR-encoding R gene, I-2, is expressed at the site of lateral root formation indicating that it might have a role in lateral root initiation in addition to disease resistance [ 38].
The variation was further reduced (0.013 0.026 cm3 cm−3) when considering only the 30 cm soil depth, the site of maximum root density in almonds, indicating a good prediction of seasonal soil moisture distribution and plant water uptake.
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