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Emphasis on laboratory-reared moth maintenance and quality has therefore increased in an effort to improve the efficacy of SIR programmes (Calkins and Parker 2005).
This may prove critical for SIR programmes which rely on transportation of moths at low temperatures (Bloem et al. 2006) to the release sites because acclimatory benefits gained take considerably longer to be lost.
Recent demonstrations of the costs and benefits of thermal acclimation on field performance in insects suggest that such a method may have practical benefits to the SIR programmes for CM and other insect pests.
Hence, SIR programmes could incorporate rearing of CM at both increased and reduced temperatures, or perhaps increased variability of temperature (e.g. Jallow and Judd 2007), to improve moth performance during releases undertaken on days with adverse thermal conditions.
Typically, CM rearing and maintenance in SIR programmes use only constant, optimal temperatures, probably to maximize rearing productivity (Bloem et al. 2004) regardless of the environmental conditions moths will be released into.
This study demonstrates clear costs and benefits of thermal acclimation on laboratory and field performance and the potential utility of thermal pretreatments for offsetting negative efficacy in SIR programmes under adverse thermal conditions.
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Pheromone-baited delta traps were laid out in transects across a commercially important citrus-producing valley to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of wild males, prior to implementation of a commercial SIR programme.
This may be critical in reducing SIR programme costs as fewer moths will be required to achieve the current efficacy levels.
Moreover, these results imply that if similar responses were widespread among other insect taxa it could have practical value in manipulating field performance with potential improved efficacy in an SIR programme.
Finally, this study has shown the potential value and practical feasibility of thermal pretreatments for offsetting negative efficacy in the SIR programme for C. pomonella control under cooler, springtime conditions, though also under potentially adverse warmer conditions typical of some growing regions in peak summer.
I had a Saturday job as a teenager at Dublin Zoo and I was really obsessed with Sir David's programmes and books.
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