Viewed extensionally, specific substantial natures are those same forms conceived of as instantiated by at least one singular substance.
Wyclif rejects both solutions as well as the Catholic formulation of the dogma, since he could not accept the ideas of the destruction of a substance by God and of the existence of the accidents of a given singular substance without and apart from that singular substance itself — two evident absurdities within the metaphyisical framework of his system of thought.
Also, God could not annihilate Socrates or any other singular substance without at the same time destroying the whole category of substance and therefore every created being, since every accident depends on substance for its existence.
In fact, the objects signified by complex expressions are compounds of (at least) two of the objects signified by simple expressions and a relation of identity (or non-identity, in the case of a true negative sentence), while a simple object is an item in a category (i.e., either a singular substance, or a substantial form, or an accidental form).
Indeed, in the ontology of the later Burley, universal substantial forms are distinguished from accidental forms not because their being is somehow identified with that of those singular substances which are their substrates, but because they alone are capable of manifesting the deep metaphysical structure of the singular substances themselves.
Ockham's claim is simply that all our basic scientific terms, whether absolute or connotative, signify nothing but singular substances or qualities (plus some singular relations in certain exceptional theological cases).
The former necessarily entail singular substances as their substrates, since individuals alone can undergo change, while the latter can directly inhere in both individual and universal substances (insunt denominative tam communibus quam singularibus De universalibus, p. 188).
The type, which in Burley's earlier writings was only something exhibited by singular substances, is now a reality distinct from them, though not totally separated nor existentially independent from them.
But even in the case of connotative terms, such as relative terms (in fact, all terms in the nine accidental categories, except for some abstract terms in the category quality, according to Ockham) we do not need to assume the existence of some mysterious relational entities informing singular substances.
To be more precise, however, amyloid beta does not refer to a singular chemical substance, but to several, depending on the exact cleavage sites and post-translational modifications including oxidation, phosphorylation, nitration, racemization, isomerization, pyroglutamylation, and glycosylation [ 103].
But a singular message came from Henry Pierce, executive director of Clean and Sober Streets, a substance abuse treatment and rehabilitation program in downtown Washington on whose board Mr. Deaver served as chairman for 16 years.
