Exact(2)
On the one hand, Ava's belief seems to be a singular belief about a concrete individual.
Second, the proposal that a singular belief is justified merely in virtue of being a member of a justified totality can be questioned because, plausibly, a belief can be a member of a sufficiently coherent system without in any way adding to the coherence of that system.
Similar(57)
This is the problem of the relational nature of the contents of true singular beliefs.
The problem of the relational nature of the contents of true singular thoughts can be made more acute by the following puzzle that exercised Gottlob Frege (1892): how can one rationally hold two distinct singular beliefs that are both about one and the same object?
In the case of singular beliefs, the two-tiered account of intentionality is motivated by the considerations reviewed in section 3 that led Frege to distinguish two dimensions of the content of a belief, which he called respectively the sense (Sinn) or mode of presentation and the reference (Bedeutung).
Analyzing endorsement of "singular" beliefs revealed that participants endorse genetics as a causal factor for obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and several different cancers, but the strength of that endorsement and the degree to which they also endorse behavioral factors varies widely.
The inconsistency of associations between singular causal beliefs and demographic and health history characteristics is likely due to differences among studies in terms of the diseases studied, sample sizes and populations, and methodologies used.
The relative dearth of statistically significant associations in the present research is consistent with some research that reported no or limited associations between demographic factors and singular causal beliefs, but in contrast to several other studies.
My only quibble with Adam is his use of the singular form: "a belief".
No one life is more valuable than another, but imposing a singular religion's belief on what constitutes a life on someone with opposing views is highly inappropriate and misguided.
Much of the impetus for the theory of direct reference came from the implications of the semantics of modal logic for the intentionality of singular thoughts and beliefs.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com