Besides, innovation is increasingly delivered not by a single company's research-and-development department, but by a network of companies, each working on a different part of the project.However, unlike Mr Torvalds, companies need to rely on their employees' ideas for making their money.
"I don't know a single advanced research and development project in the history of mankind that didn't suffer a series of failures," Mr. Rumsfeld told reporters after today's meetings.
The Department for Culture, Media and Sport, along with its executive body, Innovate UK, (aka the rebranded Technology Strategy Board), says the competition is seeking "a single collaborative research and development project to demonstrate the capability of IoT in a city region".
Overall research-and-development funding has slipped, too.
A Competitive Research-and-Development Credit.
Coalitions are built on individual issues - for example, completing the single market, focusing on digital, research and development.
The requirement for better, cheaper, and larger single crystals has driven extensive research and development in crystal growth.
There is not a single new manned combat aircraft under research and development at any major Western aerospace company, and the Air Force is training more operators of unmanned aerial systems than fighter and bomber pilots combined.
The following year Russian President Boris Yeltsin established the giant VPK MAPO, which consolidated 12 major aerospace firms including MAPO-MiG, as a single entity that could focus on research and development, manufacturing, and marketing of aircraft, engines, avionics systems, and other aerospace products.
No single firm can support early stage research and development into a new technology, like the internet or advanced batteries, because returns are too uncertain and start-up costs too steep.
