Single parenting, parental education, large family size, insurance coverage, and birth order have been documented as affecting delays in vaccination (Bobo et al. [13]; Essex et al. [26]; Dombkowski et al. [25]).
Small area deprivation was defined by the NZ Deprivation Index, an ecological measure based on a combination of nine socioeconomic variables derived from the national census (i.e. housing tenure, benefit receipt, unemployment, income, telephone access, car access, single parent families, education and household crowding).
In the second model we include other family's characteristics (measured at wave 1) such as: child's or parent's disability, maternal education and employment status, single parent family, grandparents' education, family income, and older siblings.
The final most parsimonious multivariate logistic regression models also included the fixed effects of sex, ethnicity group, maximum parental education level, single parent, household smoker, parental history of allergy and/or asthma.
Socioeconomic risk included a family having any of the following factors; single parent family, maternal education at junior-high level, the lowest quintile of gross household income, or indigenous.
Information on pre-pregnancy weight and height, smoking in pregnancy, single parent households, ethnicity, education and social class were obtained from questionnaires completed at the time of recruitment during the index pregnancy.
To do this, we tested whether concurrent blood lead concentration was associated with blood pressure at various time points adjusted for treatment group and other covariates (clinic centers, race, sex, parents' education, single parent, age at blood pressure measurement, height, and BMI).
Outcome = Vitamin D concentration + age + sex + location of study + study + breastfeeding + BMI + highest parental education + single parent status + family history.
In both other settings (i.e., early or late transient cases), no significant associations existed.> -wrap-foot> Outcome = Vitamin D concentration + age + sex + location of study + study + breastfeeding + BMI + highest parental education + single parent status + family history.
The following variables were included in the analyses: age, gender, parent's highest education, single parent or guardian, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), smoking during pregnancy, parental atopy, and parental asthma, presence of hairy or feathery pets at home or type of day care during the past year.
Teacher reports of attention problems in particular have also been cited as a robust predictor of life outcomes when controlling for other environmental variables, including single parent status, socially disadvantaged community, parental education, and child IQ as well as disruptive and emotional behavior problems [ 67- 69].
