It is noteworthy that infants prior to language learning distinguish phones that are later subsumed to a single phonemic equivalence class (see, e.g., Werker 1995, Kuhl 2000 for review and commentary).
In the same manner, when n = 3, for each value (constant) c ∈ [0, ∞] the relation defines a single specific equivalence class.
The study is a randomized, single blinded, equivalence trial aiming to determine whether an applied composite treatment is equally good if one of its components, manual lymphatic drainage, is removed.
A randomized, single-blind, equivalence trial.
This was an interventional, open label, two-armed, randomized, single-centre, equivalence trial conducted at BMC -- a zonal consultant and teaching hospital situated in Mwanza City, Tanzania.
Nor do they claim that there is a single, objectively correct equivalence relation on a given algebra of propositions: this is the notorious problem of the reference class that haunts frequentist interpretations of objective probability.
The problem, therefore, is to single out the equivalence class \ [F]\), where \(F\) corresponds to \(F^{2}_{p} = (dx^{1})^{2} + \cdots + (dx^{n})^{2}\), from the other possibilities, and to provide arguments for this preference.
One advantage of dealing with the convex bi-level programming problem is that under mild constraint qualification, the lower-level problem can be replaced by its Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) optimality conditions to obtain an equivalence single level mathematical programming problem.
