We found that training programs generally fell into two categories: longer training programs covering multiple competencies and shorter training programs targeting a single research competency.
Of six training programs focusing on a single research competency, four focused on research ethics [ 14, 15, 19, 22] and one focused on systematic reviews [ 17], whereas the other one targeted data management and analysis skills [ 20].
For example, scientific method and theory, literature review methods, and proposal development were three clusters that were ultimately associated with a single core competency: "pose innovative and important research questions, informed by systematic reviews of the literature, stakeholder needs, and relevant theoretical and conceptual models".
However, evaluation instruments are often limited, for example to single student competencies or specific elements of the teaching process.
Regulation and promotion of an internal EU energy market was a natural corollary of the Commission's existing single market competencies, and the Commission has increased its regulatory powers of the internal energy market it has promoted and successfully proposed the co-financing of.
Individual competencies and teamwork.
For example, a competency statement describing the implementation of a drug treatment guideline for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) would include individual competencies relating to pre-drug assessment, titration, and monitoring, as well as an estimate of the time required per annum to complete these competencies for a single child.
These same CEOs identified creativity as "the single most important leadership competency for enterprises seeking a path through this complexity".
Although there is no single definition of cultural competency, in broader terms it describes the capacity to provide professional and adequate services to populations with diverse values, beliefs, behaviours, cultural identity and ethnic identity [ 7].
While this is an advantage in terms of seeing the breakdown of information by topic, it is less useful for direct comparison of the extent of a learner's understanding or competency, than single-level skill meters (e.g. Bull et al. 2010), because of the positioning of the skill meters relative to each other.
