This study supports a model in which VTA dopaminergic neurons are more strongly activated during singing used for courtship than during non-courtship singing, and thus can provide social context-dependent modulation to forebrain areas.
Therefore, we presume that many of the DAF-insensitive cells that we recorded receive auditory input but that these inputs are not activated during singing.
Throat-singing necessitates activating different combinations of muscles to manipulate the resonating chambers of the vocal tract under sustained pressurized airflow from the stomach and chest.
You'll find fuzzy dice (just begging for a rear-view mirror to call their own) and miniature, lighted "Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas" signs, but there's also an impressive array of bachelor and bachelorette gag gifts, and even a sombrero-wearing dog that sings "La Bamba" when activated.
The system, which can be programmed for speed dialing, cannot be activated accidentally by singing along with the radio, for example, though loud noices like those from a nearby lawnmower or from screaming children in the back seat of the car could interrupt an outgoing call.
Paul Eastman, a member of Björk's crew, activated the singing Tesla coil, which drives "Thunderbolt".
The results presented here, that VTA dopaminergic neurons projecting to Area X are strongly activated during directed singing, provide the strongest direct evidence that forebrain modulation during courtship singing can be mediated by a dopamine signal from VTA.
In this light, it would be interesting to compare the molecular networks that are activated during undirected singing in juvenile versus adult area X, and in birds in which FoxP2 levels have been genetically manipulated.
However, it remained possible that while non-dopaminergic neurons are activated during courtship singing, dopaminergic projection neurons in the same nucleus may be as well, but they may not have been sampled in physiological recordings [19], or may not possess the molecular pathway leading to expression specific immediate early genes [20].
Ms. Fleming had to activate the electronic keyboard while singing.
In the case of familiar pieces of music, memories for the lyrics, the melodies, harmonic progressions, rhythms, and timbres may become activated as the person hears the music and sings along in their mind.
