It is possible that multiple signals are simultaneously mediating the O.ostertagi response, potentially indicating redundant mechanisms for NET formation, as redundancy is common in immunological functions68,69.
In order to respond to changing environments, bacteria such as S. oneidensis utilize global regulatory mechanisms such as the two-component regulatory system to simultaneously mediate the transcription of numerous operons.
Our finding that HcpA is a multifunctional virulence factor with the potential to simultaneously mediate innate immune evasion and degradation of extracellular matrix components significantly adds to our understanding of the pathological processes underlying louse-borne relapsing fever.
Specifically, adipocytokines appear to have a duality of function, simultaneously mediating inflammation and insulin resistance through their effects on insulin action.
Subcellular localization analysis of individual MAPK modules in vivo is therefore helpful in understanding how a single MAPK component can simultaneously mediate several responses and how a single stimulus could direct several different MAPK modules to separate tasks [ 54].
In vitro, Ang-2 simultaneously mediates disassembly of cell cell and cell matrix contacts, and causes active endothelial cell contraction in a Rho kinase-dependent fashion, followed by massive plasma leakage and loss of vasomotor tone [ 3, 10].
This would allow glucose to move into the cell along a concentration gradient with GLUT2 simultaneously mediating also efflux across the basolateral side as the prime glucose transporting protein constitutively present in this membrane domain.
For example, the ARNT PAS-B domain simultaneously mediates heterodimer formation with the PAS-B domain of its bHLH-PAS partner HIF-2α and recruits coactivators needed to activate gene expression for hypoxia adaptation.
True to their name, Period proteins act as the master timekeepers in the circadian clock pathway, and likely use their multiple functional modules to simultaneously mediate the negative and positive phases of the clock through CRY stability and CRY-CLOCK-BMAL1 repression complex assembly.
In fact, studies in this area endorse the role of epigenetic mechanisms as transducers of the environmental signals into transcriptional outcomes, strongly suggesting that they may participate in the precipitation of experience-dependent psychiatric disorders, like depression, and simultaneously mediate the pro-neurogenic action of commonly prescribed ADs.
