Our most striking observation was that analogies and mental simulations were associated with conditions of uncertainty.
Although model simulations were associated with various sources of uncertainties, the overall performance of the modeling framework was satisfactory as evaluated by multiple statistics: for simulation of daily flow, the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency Coefficient (NSE) ranged from 0.61 to 0.74 and the percent bias (PBIAS) < 28%; for daily pesticide loading, NSE = 0.18 and PBIAS = −1.6%.
Not all simulations were associated with positive incremental costs and QALYs, making the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio a less suitable measure for analysis [ 27].
Seybert and colleagues have demonstrated that the use of high fidelity mannequin simulations were associated with knowledge acquisition in relation to cardiovascular pharmacotherapeutics among pharmacy students, but their study had an uncontrolled pre-test/post-test design [ 36].
CVVH nurse training using simulation is associated with a reduction in unplanned interruption of CVVH session and less need for help.
The production of the AlNi phase, confirmed by an ab initio molecular dynamics simulation, was associated with the formation of some metallic liquid spheres from the thermite reaction.
The four sources of uncertainty included in the simulation were associated with the forest biomass density maps, the stock-change lookup tables derived from FIA data, each of the disturbance maps, and the TPO data.
Compared with non-simulation instruction (11 studies), simulation was associated with moderate effects for satisfaction and skills (ES 0.39 and 0.42, respectively), large effect for behaviours (1.77), and small effects for time, knowledge, and patient effects (−0.18 to 0.23).
Compared with no intervention (52 studies), simulation was associated with moderate to large pooled effect sizes (ESs) for all outcomes (ES range 0.60 1.05) except for patient effects (ES −0.39).
Simulation is associated with physiologic stress, and heart rate elevation alone correlates poorly with both perceived stress and performance.
