As mentioned above, this likelihood formula depends on the demographic model and its parameters indirectly through the simulated ARG, so that all ARGs must be integrated over the space simulated to obtain the likelihood of the SFS given a particular demographic model.
We therefore avoid directly comparing temporal subfunctionalization for the biological data with that for the simulated data, and compare them indirectly.
Using simulated demographic scenarios, approximate normality was indirectly assessed, testing the distribution of the quadratic form eqn (5) against the Chi-square distribution with (d f + 1) degrees of freedom.
However, it is extremely important to use a methodology that allows addressing quantitatively also the potential cross-sectoral impacts of such interventions, measuring possible economic, environment, and social main impacts directly or indirectly influenced by the investments simulated.
A direct estimate of the false negative error rate was not performed in the study of Farlow et al. (2015), though they did introduce simulated SNMs into their reference assemblies to indirectly estimate a false negative error rate for SNMs.
First, the simulated temperature calculations of local airflow temperatures are indirectly validated using on-site field measurements in an actual urban neighborhood.
We demonstrate that since simulated microgravity modulates microvascular endothelial cell function, it indirectly impairs osteoblastic function.
Reference LAI values (L_exact) from virtual 3-D forestandsnds were compared to indirectly measured LAI values (L_HP) obtained from simulated hemispherical photographs taken in the virtual stands.
We did not simulate effects of the geographical factors of longitude, latitude and elevation, because they affect vegetation diversity and distribution indirectly and are too complicated to be well simulated.
This raised the possibility that, as for innervation, BMP8b might exert its pro-angiogenic effect indirectly by simulating the production of a pro-angiogenic factor(s).
The rules we used were that the provisional matrix indirectly promotes migration and inhibits proliferation of NHK by inducing the expression of TGF-β1 (simulated using COPASI at the sub-cellular level), the secondary matrix enhances NHK proliferation and migration and the mature BM inhibits NHK proliferation and migration (simulated using rules at the cellular level).
