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The simplest characteristic, which is volume fraction of each instance, can be calculated as proportion of the area or volume covered by one of the binary values.
Therefore we have λ 1 2 p + 1 ≡ λ 1 mod p. So, by Proposition 3, the polynomial with roots λ 1 2 p + 1 and λ 2 is in the same congruence class as the simplest characteristic polynomial ν 2 − p ν + ( p − 1 ).
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It should be noted that all the above-mentioned works, unlike equation (1.1), consider the operator-differential equations with a simple characteristic.
Also, for wave propagation in the direction of symmetry, some wave types revert to pure modes, leading to a simpler characteristic equation of lower order.
We use a simple characteristic based on correlograms: a half-value distance lag, hI = 0.5, a distance where Moran's I equals 0.5.
We introduce a simple characteristic based on spatial correlograms: a half-value distance lag, hI = 0.5 a distance where Moran's I drops below 0.5.
Interestingly enough, this smaller and simpler characteristic determinant can also be obtained by using the Lagrange multipliers formalism in conjunction with Lagrange's equations.
Assuming that r is the unique positive and simple characteristic root and is smaller than the module of all complex ones, they proved that the equation has exactly a solution f ( x ) = r x depending continuously on all coefficients.
Following directly the idea from [19] and referring to [21, 22], in this paper we first get the general iterates f m of (1.3) with simple characteristic roots, where m is a positive integer.
As the average frequency can be directly interpreted in terms of the physical phenomena underlying the pressure fluctuations, the average frequency is suggested as a first, simple, characteristic of fluidized bed dynamics.
For a wave to propagate in the direction of higher symmetry, some wave types revert to pure modes and lead to a simple characteristic equation of lower order, and consequently, the loss of pure wave modes for general propagation direction in such cases.
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