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Researchers constructed the web from two kinds of rope, mirroring the different silk types that give a spider web its structure and even included a "spider" in the middle (pictured) that sensed vibrations.
It is the intention of this review to point out the wide range of excellent and valuable properties observed in different silk types, and to propose that silk's versatility is possibly its strongest advantage.
Orb weaving spiders can produce up to seven different silk types and their fibres are composed of one or two spidroins, all of which are encoded by members of one gene family [4].
Silk types differ from each other in their constituent spidroins [ 8, 9].
An individual spider spins a multitude of silk types, with each type emerging from its own distinctive set of abdominal silk glands.
Each of at least six functionally differentiated silk types is formed from 1 2 distinct spidroins, which exhibit silk gland specific patterns of expression [ 28].
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Spider silk mechanical properties are related to the suite of proteins that compose each silk type.
Between species, previous research suggests that the spidroin repeats within each silk type are highly conserved, but that the terminal regions show more variation [ 12], and we hypothesized that Aar_ AcSp1 would also follow this pattern.
Despite this lengthy time period, the recovery of an AcSp1 clade was consistent with prior studies in which spidroin sequences nearly always grouped based on silk type (e.g. [ 9, 10]).
The length, number, and amino acid (aa) composition of the iterated repeats are silk-type specific, whereas phylogenetic analyses have shown that aa residues in the N- and C-terminal regions are more conserved across spidroins [ 11, 12].
Because we profiled the combined set of silk gland types, we are unable to propose novel silk gland type-specific genes or evaluate the extent to which a single spidroin paralog is exclusively expressed in a single gland type.
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