First, consider the outcome variable: those evaluations finding no effect are most frequent (48 estimates), followed by ones finding significantly positive effects (32), with significantly negative effect estimates less frequent still (13 estimates).
Similarly to physical function measures, self-rated health (SRH) has been shown to significantly predict negative outcomes (including disability[ 16] and mortality [ 17- 20]).
Kinman and colleagues reported that high effort and low rewards within the ERI model significantly predicted negative outcomes, including psychological distress, physical symptoms, and low job satisfaction among UK university employees [ 20].
The plasma D-dimer level correlated significantly to the negative outcome in these patients (r = 0.55, P < 0.01).
For example, tumor B7-H1 expression has been shown to significantly correlate with negative outcome in several human malignancies, including pancreatic cancer [ 11, 13- 16].
In this subsection, we present the distribution of the outcome variable (short-run effect: significantly negative, insignificant or significantly positive) conditional on the covariates we extracted from the studies (see Table 3).
We observed that those patients with a negative outcome performed significantly worse at baseline than those with good outcome on the three OF tasks, i.e., patients with poor initial OF tests performance had a significantly higher risk of medication overuse, even if they were not abusing at study onset.
Altogether, functional decline is a common problem that is significantly associated with negative outcomes such as institutionalization, re-hospitalization and subsequent mortality [ 3].
In relation to hypothesis 4, two incivility paths were significantly related to negative outcomes, experienced incivility from coworker (β = −.192, p <.001) and witnessed incivility from superiors (β = −.199, p <.001).
Of the patients' baseline characteristics, there was only a significantly negative correlation between level of education and outcome.
Negative outcome on the MABC was significantly related to lower IQ-score (r = 0.48, P < 0.001), and significantly but weakly related to lower behavioural scores (r = 0.18, P < 0.05), although lower IQ-scores were significantly related to negative behavioural outcome (r = 0.32, P < 0.001) and SD height (r = 0.23, P < 0.01).
