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The significance filter identifies as "significant" only those signatures with a normalized abundance greater than three transcripts per million (TPM).
To guarantee sufficient statistical power, we used a 999 randomization with a significance filter of 0.05 (Ma et al. 2015).
Changes in metabolic pathways were detected using GAGE and GlobalTest gene set analysis (Goeman et al. [2006]; Luo et al. [2009]) applying the same significance filter as for the individual proteins.
The selected cutoff of 1.00E−04 (false positive rate of 11%) which is a medium stringent significance filter was implemented based on our experience with miRNA array profiling, biological knowledge and the genomic context of miRNAs.
The significance filter removed an additional 6119 signatures.
All subsequent plots and tables were produced after applying this significance filter to our data.
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(The benefit of the increased sensitivity of the TLDA can be seen in the results for IL-18, where the difference detected by GeneChip did not pass the significance filters but a significant difference was observed by TLDA).
Therefore, it may be that most of the heritability is hidden rather than missing, but has not previously been detected because the individual effects are too small to pass the stringent significance filters used in many studies, yet still having significant contribution to the predictive power at the level of variant or subject subsets, or when combined with non-genetic risk factors.
These signatures were processed with reliability and significance filters as described by Meyers et al. (2004a).
To compare the expression levels across the libraries, we normalized the frequency of signatures in each library to one million (transcripts per million or TPM). Figure 1 shows the number of pooled distinct signatures from the four MPSS libraries separated by reliability and significance filters and further grouped based on their match in the Nipponbare genomic sequence.
Significance filtering and ratio calculation are described above and in the original papers [ 2, 5].
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