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Likewise, our 15-gene signature failed to distinguish SNC and SC in the author's cohort (data not shown).
Indeed, without mesothelin, the six biomarkers of the signature failed to discriminate MPM from NSCLC and their association with other tumors is reported [ 52- 56].
However, although the overall signature failed to reach statistical significance, the analysis of two FOXM1 target genes, PLK1 and AURKB, did indicate that their expression was predictive for long-term survival.
Individual unsupervised cluster analysis in the space of each of the genesets (combining all genes reported as being relevant per signature) failed to define robust clusters of cases, except the signature of 114 probe sets published by Potti et al. that resulted in some co-segregation of cases with similar outcome in our dataset [ 25].
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It should be noted that the proliferation signature fails to further stratify ER-negative tumors (or Basal-like and HER2+/ER- tumors) because these 'groups' uniformly have high proliferation.
In contrast to the BD-L metagene, all five BRCA1/2-related signatures failed to correlate with pharmacologic response.
Not surprisingly, these signatures failed to identify late events (Esserman et al, 2011; Sgroi et al, 2013).
Such instances in which signatures failed to stratify patients were recorded as "N/A" in the survival analyses.
In their study, suboptimal data normalisation and readout from a different microarray platform might have contributed to the finding that all prognostic signatures failed to discriminate good vs poor outcome in the HER-2-positive cluster.
A bitter disillusion followed the enthusiasm of the first years, as researchers realized that the predictive ability of most signatures failed to be validated when evaluated based on independent datasets.
This suggests that co-expression modules are capturing part of the functionality of the cell while signatures fail to do so at the same extent.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com