When analysing the meanings of PIEM, care providers emphasized the positive dimensions of PIEM, such as pain as a "red flag" allowing for treatment adaptations or as a signal of evolution of the underlying pathology: "Pain is a limiting factor; it is an alarm system that tells you not to go further.
Hence, high neural connectivity among structures can potentially limit the strength of the signal for mosaic evolution, as some structures would show signals of concerted evolution.
It has been shown, however, that ω is a poor indicator of the action of adaptive evolution due to the fact that signals of adaptive evolution may be swamped in the background of purifying selection under which the protein has evolved most over its evolutionary time [ 44].
As a whole, these results are in line with what would be predicted under a model of mosaic evolution of brain structure [ 1, 12], since there are clear signals of independent evolution for at least for two of the six brain structures analyzed here.
Moreover, highly interconnected structures, the telencephalon, optic tecta and cerebellum, showed signals of correlated evolution in the Tanganyikan cichlids, and in mammals it has been suggested that patterns of correlated evolution can be to a great extent predicted by anatomical connectivity [ 3].
In humans, signals of rapid evolution and positive selection were also detected.
We also reconstructed the evolutionary history of these ten isolates and searched for signals of reticulate evolution.
Genomic data of Tibetan antelope showed signals of adaptive evolution and expansion of gene families associated with energy metabolism and oxygen transmission [ 39].
Indeed, signals of adaptive evolution are often a hallmark among restriction factors with roles at the direct interface of host pathogen interactions.
Nevertheless, the most common characteristics of genes involved in hybrid male sterility are signals of rapid evolution and positive selection within species [ 12, 42].
