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Bile acids (BA) act as activating signals of endogenous ligands such as Farnesoid-X receptor (FXR).
The results of immunofluorescence analyses showed that the signals of endogenous Arf6, Rab11 and TfR in nerve growth factor-stimulated PC12 cells generally differed, although there was some overlapping.
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Besides, OsLEA1 is regulated by ABA and represented as the signal of endogenous ABA (Shih et al., 2010).
It remains unclear whether the application of exogenous opiates interferes with the signaling of endogenous morphine via direct or centrally mediated mechanisms.
However, the mild increase in susceptibility in STAT1−/− mice, compared to the highly lethal phenotype for these mice in M.tuberculosis, may provide additional evidence for a role for STAT independent signaling of endogenous IFN in B.anthracis [32].
The signalling of endogenous ligands in 2.8 m M (low) or 16 m M (high) glucose was examined first.
We found that Uncl-Sema3E competes with p61-Sema3E for binding to the receptor; thus, it can efficiently block the signalling of endogenous p61 released by cancer cells and blunt its autocrine pro-invasive and pro-metastatic activity.
Our study defines epoxycyclopentenones as potent anti-inflammatory lipid mediators that mimic the signaling of endogenous, pro-resolving prostanoids by activating the transcription factor nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2).
In the upper panels of Figure 3c, it is evident that the green signal of endogenous Bcl-xL merged only in part with the red mitochondrial signal, and that a greater proportion of Bcl-xL was extra-mitochondrial, most likely cytosolic.
Line intensity plots of the same dendrite portion show signal distribution of endogenous Ret and integrins together with the colocalized signals (coloc) and the CD4-tdGFP membrane marker.
We then asked how this diffusion-based framework functions in establishing a signaling gradient of endogenous molecules.
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