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Signalling question 3: (Rifampicin resistance) We added a signalling question for rifampicin resistance because judgments might differ for TB and for rifampicin resistance, the two target conditions.
Signalling question 3: Did the study avoid inappropriate exclusions?
Signalling question 2: Was a case-control design avoided?
Signalling question 3: Were all patients included in the analysis?
Signalling question 2: Did all patients receive the same reference standard?
Signalling question 1: Is the reference standard likely to correctly classify the target condition?
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To judge the risk of bias of each study, signalling questions were provided.
Signalling questions for the QUADAS tool were answered with 'yes' in 78.9 % of cases (Fig. 2).
To enhance transparency and applicability, we formulated signalling questions to facilitate judgment.
We used signalling questions in each domain to form judgments about the risk of bias.
We retained all of the risk of bias signalling questions and applicability questions, with the exception of one item (prespecified threshold on the index test).
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