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In the nucleus β-catenin integrates with transcription factors T cell factor 4/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (toF4/LEF1) to initiate transcription of Wnt/β-catenin signaling responsive genes, such as c-myc and cyclin D1, which are key regulators of cell cycle and cell growth.
The correlation between the expression of SDF1α and axin2, a known Wnt signaling responsive gene, implies that SDF1 is also a Wnt signaling responsive gene (Fig. 2D).
Nevertheless, VEGF, previously reported to be a Wnt signaling responsive gene, might also play a significant role in angiogenesis and growth of the Wnt1 tumors.
Canonical Wnt signaling responsive luciferase reporter plasmid pTOPFLASH containing multiple Tcf/Lef1 consensus binding sites, CMV-based expression vectors encoding human LEF1 and N-terminally truncated (stabilized) human β-catenin (β-cateninΔN) were obtained from Dr. V. Korinek [62].
Due to the expression of the LacZ-reporter gene under control of Wnt signaling responsive TCF-binding sites, the TOPGal mice provide an excellent means to identify cells within a given tissue that respond to canonical Wnt signaling [32].
Numerous tumor-derived suppressive factors have been reported to prohibit cell signaling responsive for T cell proliferation.
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It is related to the feedback-regulation of QS signal production: "signal deaf" signaler mutants (in our notation:.Sr genotypes) are shown to produce an excess of signal molecules compared to signal responsive ones, because in the latter signal production is downregulated by the extracellular concentration of the signal itself, which response-deficient mutants cannot sense [32], [33].
The genetically tractable acid tolerance response (ATR) that enables enteropathogens to survive harsh acidity was screened for signaling pathways responsive to RNS.
It was observed that the sequence between positions −282 and −165 contained to two cis-acting elements, termed CMSREs (carbohydrate metabolite signal responsive elements) 1 and 2 are responsible for the sucrose-responsiveness of the promoter.
TGFβ initiates signaling in responsive cells by forming an activated heteromeric complex with specific transmembrane TGFβ type I and II serine/threonine kinase receptors [23], [24], [25], [26].
To better characterize the signaling pathways responsive to BMP6, we conducted a time series microarray study to track BMP6 induced osteoblast differentiation and mineralization.
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